Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)

Marginal note:Reasons for decision

• 278.8 (1) The judge shall provide reasons for ordering or refusing to order the production of the record or part of the record pursuant to subsection 278.5(1) or 278.7(1).

• Marginal note:Record of reasons

  (2) The reasons referred to in subsection (1) shall be entered in the record of the proceedings or, where the proceedings are not recorded, shall be provided in writing.

Marginal note:Publication prohibited

• 278.9 (1) No person shall publish in any document, or broadcast or transmit in any way, any of the following:

  • (a) the contents of an application made under section 278.3;

  • (b) any evidence taken, information given or submissions made at a hearing under subsection 278.4(1) or 278.6(2); or

  • (c) the determination of the judge pursuant to subsection 278.5(1) or 278.7(1) and the reasons provided pursuant to section 278.8, unless the judge, after taking into account the interests of justice and the right to privacy of the person to whom the record relates, orders that the determination may be published.

• Marginal note:Offence

  (2) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

Marginal note:Appeal

278.91 For the purposes of sections 675 and 676, a determination to make or refuse to make an order pursuant to subsection 278.5(1) or 278.7(1) is deemed to be a question of law.

Marginal note:Kidnapping

• 279. (1) Every person commits an offence who kidnaps a person with intent

  • (a) to cause the person to be confined or imprisoned against the person’s will;

  • (b) to cause the person to be unlawfully sent or transported out of Canada against the person’s will; or

  • (c) to hold the person for ransom or to service against the person’s will.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable

  • (a) if a restricted firearm or prohibited firearm is used in the commission of the offence or if any firearm is used in the commission of the offence and the offence is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of

    • (i) in the case of a first offence, five years, and

    • (ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, seven years;

  • (a.1) in any other case where a firearm is used in the commission of the offence, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years; and

  • (b) in any other case, to imprisonment for life.

• Marginal note:Subsequent offences

  (1.2) In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (1.1)(a), whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence:

  • (a) an offence under subsection (1);

  • (b) an offence under subsection 85(1) or (2) or section 244 or 244.2; or

  • (c) an offence under section 220, 236, 239, 272, 273, 279.1, 344 or 346 if a firearm was used in the commission of the offence.

  However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody.

• Marginal note:Sequence of convictions only

  (1.3) For the purposes of subsection (1.2), the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction.

• Marginal note:Forcible confinement

  (2) Every one who, without lawful authority, confines, imprisons or forcibly seizes another person is guilty of

  • (a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or

  • (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months.

• Marginal note:Non-resistance

  (3) In proceedings under this section, the fact that the person in relation to whom the offence is alleged to have been committed did not resist is not a defence unless the accused proves that the failure to resist was not caused by threats, duress, force or exhibition of force.