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  1. Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations - SOR/2013-24 (Section 48)
    Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations
    Marginal note:Deadline
    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Statement

      (2) The end of model year report must indicate the model year for which the report is made and must include the following statements by the company for its vehicles, engines and trailers, as applicable:

      • (a) in the case of Class 2B and Class 3 heavy-duty vehicles and cab-complete vehicles, excluding those that are vocational vehicles or incomplete vocational vehicles,

        • [...]

        • (ii) in respect of the N2O and CH4 emission standards, that its vehicles

          • [...]

          • (B) are covered by an EPA certificate, bear the label referred to in subparagraph 53(d)(i) and conform either to the emission standards referred to in the EPA certificate or to a N2O or CH4 family emission limit, as the case may be, that is lower than the N2O or CH4 emission standard applicable to the model year of the vehicles under these Regulations, or

      • [...]

      • (c) in the case of heavy-duty engines,

        • [...]

        • (ii) in respect of the N2O and CH4 emission standards, that its engines

          • [...]

          • (B) are covered by an EPA certificate, bear the label referred to in subparagraph 53(d)(ii) and conform either to the emission standards referred to in the EPA certificate or to a N2O or CH4 family emission limit, as the case may be, that is lower than the N2O or CH4 emission standard applicable to the model year of the engines under these Regulations,

          • (B.1) are covered by an EPA certificate, bear the U.S. engine information label referred to in subparagraph 53(d)(ii), conform to a N2O or CH4 family emission limit, as the case may be, that exceeds the N2O or CH4 emission standard applicable to the model year of the engines under these Regulations and, in accordance with subsection 13(7.1), do not conform to subsections 29(4) to (7),

      • (d) in the case of trailers, that

        • (i) its trailers conform to the applicable standards set out in subsection 16.1(1) or section 33.1, as the case may be,

    • (3) If an end of model year report contains any of the statements referred to in clause (2)(a)(ii)(A), subparagraph (2)(b)(i), clauses (2)(c)(i)(A) and (ii)(A) and subparagraph (2)(d)(i) for a given model year, it must contain

      • (a) the number of heavy-duty vehicles or heavy-duty engines for each type referred to in paragraph 18(3)(a) or (b) or the number of trailers for each type referred to in subsection 16.1(1) or 33.1(1) or (2), as the case may be; and

      • (b) the CO2 emission standard and, if applicable, the N2O and CH4 emission standards to which the vehicles, engines or trailers, as the case may be, conform.

    • Marginal note:Statement when covered by EPA certificate

      (4) If an end of model year report contains any of the statements referred to in clause (2)(a)(ii)(B), subparagraphs (2)(b)(ii) and (iii), clauses (2)(c)(i)(B) and (C) and (ii)(B) and (B.1) and subparagraph (2)(d)(ii) for a given model year, it must contain the following information for each type of heavy-duty vehicle, heavy-duty engine or trailer, as the case may be:

      • [...]

      • (c) the number of vehicles, trailers or engines for each CO2 family emission limit or CO2 family certification level, as the case may be;

    • [...]

    • (7) If an end of model year report contains any statement referred to in subparagraph (2)(a)(i), clause (2)(a)(ii)(C), subparagraph (2)(b)(iv), clauses (2)(c)(i)(D) and (ii)(C) and subparagraph (2)(d)(iii) for a given model year, the report must contain the following information for each averaging set:

      • [...]

      • (d) in relation to CO2 emission standards and, if applicable, the N2O and CH4 emission standards:

        • [...]

        • (ii) for vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles, the CO2 emission standard that applies to the vehicles of each fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, determined for A in paragraph 35(1)(b),

        • (iii) for tractors and incomplete tractors, the CO2 emission standard that applies to the vehicles of each fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, determined for A in paragraph 35(1)(c),

        • [...]

        • (v) for full-aero box van trailers, the CO2 emission standard that applies to the trailers of each fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, determined for A in section 47.2;

      • (e) in relation to CO2 emissions, and if applicable, to N2O and CH4 emissions,

        • [...]

        • (v) for each fleet of full-aero box van trailers, the CO2 family emission limit for each fleet or subfleet, as the case may be;

      • [...]

      • (t) an identification of every instance in each fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, when the following credit multipliers were used:

        [...]

    [...]


  2. Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations - SOR/2013-24 (Section 41)
    Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations
    Marginal note:Innovative technologies
    •  (1) A company may obtain additional credits, expressed in megagrams of CO2, for its fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, of heavy-duty vehicles or heavy-duty engines for the use of innovative technologies by

      • [...]

      • (b) in the case of vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles, or tractors and incomplete tractors, either

        • (i) by using the following formula:

          (A – B) × C × D × E / 1 000 000

          where

          C 
          is the number of vehicles manufactured with the innovative technology in question in the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be,
          E 
          is the useful life of the vehicles of the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in miles, or
        • (ii) by substituting the result obtained in accordance with paragraph 35(1)(b) or (c), as the case may be, with the result obtained in accordance with one of the following formulas, whichever applies:

          • (A) for vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles:

            [A – (B × C)] × D × E × F / 1 000 000

            where

            A 
            is the CO2 emission standard under subsection 26(1) or (1.1) that applies to the vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles of the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in grams of CO2 per short ton-mile,
            B 
            is the CO2 family emission limit for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in grams of CO2 per short ton-mile,
            C 
            is the improvement factor calculated in accordance with sections 610(b)(1) and (c) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart G, of the CFR, for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, of vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles or, in the case of vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles of the 2018 to 2020 model years, is the applicable improvement factor set out in section 150(y)(2) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart B, of the CFR, for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be,
            E 
            is the number of vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles manufactured with the innovative technology in question in the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, and
            F 
            is the useful life of the vehicles of the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in miles, or
          • (B) for tractors and incomplete tractors:

            [A – (B × C)] × D × E × F / 1 000 000

            where

            A 
            is the CO2 emission standard under subsection 27(1), (1.1) or (1.2) that applies to the tractors and incomplete tractors of the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in grams of CO2 per short ton-mile,
            B 
            is the CO2 family emission limit for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in grams of CO2 per short ton-mile,
            C 
            is the improvement factor calculated in accordance with sections 610(b)(1) and (c) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart G, of the CFR, for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, of tractors and incomplete tractors or, in the case of tractors and incomplete tractors of the 2018 to 2020 model years, is the applicable improvement factor set out in section 150(y)(2)(i) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart B, of the CFR, for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be,
            E 
            is the number of tractors and incomplete tractors manufactured with the innovative technology in question in the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, and
            F 
            is the useful life of the tractors or incomplete tractors of the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, expressed in miles; or
      • (c) in the case of heavy-duty engines,

        • [...]

        • (ii) by using the following formula for engines tested on an engine dynamometer:

          (A – B) × C × D × E / 1 000 000

          where

          C 
          is the transient cycle conversion factor calculated in accordance with the applicable variable “CF” in section 705(b) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1036, subpart H, of the CFR, except that a reference to “production volumes” in that section must be read as a reference to “number of engines of that engine family that a company imports or manufactures in Canada for the purpose of sale in Canada to the first retail purchaser”,
        • (iii) by substituting the result obtained in accordance with paragraph 35(1)(d) with the result determined in accordance with the following formula:

          [A – (B × C)] × D × E × F / 1 000 000

          where

          A 
          is the CO2 emission standard that applies to the fleet of heavy-duty engines under section 30 or subsection 31(2), as the case may be, expressed in grams of CO2 per brake horsepower-hour,
          C 
          is the improvement factor calculated in accordance with section 610(b)(1) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1036, subpart G, of the CFR, based on results of A to B testing, chassis A to B testing or in-use A to B testing of pairs of engines using an engine dynamometer or of pairs of vehicles equipped with the engines in question, as the case may be, differing only with respect to the innovative technology in question,
          D 
          is the transient cycle conversion factor calculated in accordance with the applicable variable “CF” in section 705(b) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1036, subpart H, of the CFR, except that a reference to “production volumes” in that section must be read as a reference to “number of engines of that engine family that a company imports or manufactures in Canada for the purpose of sale in Canada to the first retail purchaser”,

    [...]


  3. Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations - SOR/2013-24 (Section 27)
    Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations
    Marginal note:CO2 emission standards — 2014 to 2020 model years
    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Reference in CFR — interpretation

      (3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a reference in the CFR to “regulatory subcategory” is to be read as a reference to the fleet referred to in one of subparagraphs 18(3)(a)(ix) to (xvi) that includes the same type of tractors and incomplete tractors as those to which the simulation model is being applied but, in the case of tractors and incomplete tractors of the 2021 model year or a subsequent model year that have a GCWR of 43 998 kg (97,000 pounds) or more, but less than 54 431 kg (120,000 pounds), is to be read as a reference to the fleet referred to in subparagraph 18(3)(a)(xiii).

    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Alternative method for measuring drag area

      (6) Instead of the coastdown method referred to in section 525 of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart F, of the CFR, a company may elect to measure the tractor’s drag area (CdA) in accordance with any other method referred to in that section if the test results are adjusted to correlate with test results that would be obtained if the coastdown method were used, as specified in that section, and if

      [...]

    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Calculation using fleets and subfleets

      (8) A company may, instead of complying with subsection (1), (1.1) or (1.2) for all of its tractors and incomplete tractors of a given model year, elect to group those tractors and incomplete tractors into fleets or subfleets, as the case may be, in accordance with section 18 and participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47.

    • Marginal note:Calculation — election under subsection (7)

      (8.1) If a company makes an election under subsection (7) in respect of a tractor or incomplete tractor, the company may group all of its tractors and incomplete tractors of a given model year into fleets or subfleets, as the case may be, in accordance with section 18 and participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47, but must not obtain any credits or additional credits in respect of the vehicles that conform to that standard, except in accordance with sections 34 to 41 in the following cases:

      • (a) if the company elects to have all of its tractors or incomplete tractors that are or are to become Class 7 tractors conform to the standards that apply in respect of a Class 8 tractor of the same model year with the same characteristics, for a period that is equivalent to the useful life of those Class 8 tractors, the tractors must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those Class 8 tractors; and

      • (b) if the company elects to have one or more of its tractors or incomplete tractors that are or are to become Class 7 tractors with a heavy heavy-duty engine and a single rear axle conform to the standards that apply in respect of a Class 8 tractor of the same model year with the same characteristics, for a period that is equivalent to the useful life of those Class 8 tractors, the tractors must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those Class 8 tractors.

    • Marginal note:Tractors exceeding standards under subsection (7)

      (8.2) If a company makes an election under subsection (7) in respect of one or more of its tractors or incomplete tractors and the CO2 emission rate of one or more of those tractors exceeds the CO2 emission standard that applies in respect of Class 8 tractors of the same model year with the same characteristics, the tractors must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those Class 8 tractors in accordance with section 18 and the company must participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47.

    • Marginal note:Family emission limit

      (9) For the purposes of subsections (8) to (8.2), every tractor and incomplete tractor included within a fleet or subfleet must conform to the CO2 family emission limit for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be.

    [...]


  4. Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations - SOR/2013-24 (Section 26)
    Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations
    Marginal note:CO2 emission standards — 2014 to 2020 model years
    • [...]

    • (2.1) For the purposes of subsection (2),

      • (a) a reference in the CFR to “regulatory subcategory” is to be read as a reference to the fleet referred to in one of subparagraphs 18(3)(a)(ii) to (viii) that includes the same type of vehicles as those to which the simulation model is being applied; and

      • (b) motor homes and coach buses are to be treated as regional vocational vehicles and the other types of vocational vehicles or incomplete vocational vehicles referred to in column 1 of the table to subsection (1.2) are to be treated as urban vocational vehicles.

    • [...]

    • (3) The vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles referred to in subsections (1) and (1.1) do not include

      • [...]

      • (b) vehicles

        • [...]

        • (ii) that

          • [...]

          • (D) cannot attain a speed of more than 87 km/h (54 miles per hour)

            • (I) due to parameters that are not adjustable parametersas defined in subsection 15(1), or

    • [...]

    • (6) In the case of vocational vehicles and cab-complete vocational vehicles that are equipped with a spark-ignition engine, a company may elect to have one or more of its vehicles conform to the standards referred to in sections 20 to 23 that are applicable to Class 2B and Class 3 heavy-duty vehicles, taking into account section 1819(j) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter C, part 86, subpart S, of the CFR, instead of the standards set out in subsection (1) or (1.1) and sections 29 and 30, if the following conditions are met:

      • [...]

      • (b) the company participates in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47 as if the vocational vehicles and cab-complete vocational vehicles were Class 2B or Class 3 heavy-duty vehicles that are subject to the standards referred to in sections 20 to 23; and

    • Marginal note:Calculation using fleets and subfleets

      (7) A company may, instead of complying with subsection (1), (1.1) or (1.2) for all of its vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles of a given model year, elect to group those vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles into fleets or subfleets, as the case may be, in accordance with section 18 and participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47.

    • Marginal note:Calculation — election under subsection (5)

      (7.1) If a company makes an election under subsection (5) in respect of a vocational vehicle or incomplete vocational vehicle, the company may group all of its vocational vehicles and incomplete vocational vehicles of a given model year into fleets or subfleets, as the case may be, in accordance with section 18 and participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47, but must not obtain any credits or additional credits in respect of the vehicles that conform to that standard, except in accordance with sections 34 to 41 in the following cases:

      • (a) if the company elects to have all of its vocational vehicles or incomplete vocational vehicles of a given service class and model year conform to the standards that apply in respect of a vehicle service class that includes vehicles that are heavier than those included in the vehicle service class to which the vehicles belong, for a period that is equivalent to the useful life of those heavier vehicles, the vehicles must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those heavier vehicles; or

      • (b) if the company elects to have one or more of its medium heavy-duty vehicles that are or are to become Class 8 hybrid vehicles equipped with a light heavy-duty engine or medium heavy-duty engine conform to the compression-ignition engine standards that apply in respect of vehicles of the heavy heavy-duty vehicle service class, for a period that is equivalent to the useful life of those heavier vehicles, the vehicles must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those heavier vehicles.

    • Marginal note:Vehicles exceeding standard under subsection (5)

      (7.2) If a company makes an election under subsection (5) in respect of one or more of its vocational vehicles or incomplete vocational vehicles and the CO2 emission rate of one or more of those vehicles exceeds the CO2 emission standard that applies in respect of the vehicle service class that includes vehicles that are heavier than those included in the vehicle service class to which the vehicles belong, the vehicles must be grouped in the same fleet or subfleet, as the case may be, as those heavier vehicles in accordance with section 18 and the company must participate in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47.

    • Marginal note:Family emission limit

      (8) For the purposes of subsections (7) to (7.2), every vocational vehicle and incomplete vocational vehicle included within a fleet or subfleet must conform to the CO2 family emission limit for the fleet or subfleet, as the case may be.

    [...]


  5. Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations - SOR/2013-24 (Section 1)
    Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations
    Marginal note:Definitions
    •  (1) The following definitions apply in these Regulations.

      A to B testing

      A to B testing  means testing performed in pairs to allow comparison of a vehicle A to a vehicle B, an engine A to an engine B or equipment A to equipment B, as the case may be. (essais A à B)

      averaging set

      averaging set  means, for the purpose of a company’s participation in the CO2 emission credit system set out in sections 34 to 47 or sections 47.1 to 47.5, as the case may be, any of the following groups of fleets of vehicles, engines or trailers:

      [...]

      CFR

      CFR  means the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States, as amended from time to time. (CFR)

      compression-ignition engine

      compression-ignition engine  means an engine that operates as a reciprocating internal combustion engine, but does not include an engine that operates under characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle or an engine that uses a spark plug or other sparking device. (moteur à allumage par compression)

      emergency vehicle

      emergency vehicle  means a vocational vehicle that is designed for use as an ambulance or fire truck. (véhicule d’urgence)

      GAWR

      GAWR  means the gross axle weight rating that is specified by a manufacturer as the load-carrying capacity of a single axle system, as measured at the tire-ground interface. (PNBE)

      GCWR

      GCWR  means the gross combination weight rating that is specified by a manufacturer as the maximum design loaded weight of a vehicle and trailer. (PNBC)

      GVWR

      GVWR  means the gross vehicle weight rating that is specified by a manufacturer as the maximum design loaded weight of a vehicle. (PNBV)

      heavy-duty vehicle

      heavy-duty vehicle  means an on-road vehicle that has a GVWR of more than 3 856 kg (8,500 pounds), a curb weight of more than 2 722 kg (6,000 pounds) or a basic vehicle frontal area in excess of 4.2 m2 (45 square feet), but does not include a medium-duty passenger vehicle as defined in subsection 1(1) of the On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations or a vehicle regulated under the Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations. (véhicule lourd)

      hybrid engine

      hybrid engine or hybrid powertrain  means an engine or a powertrain that is equipped with energy storage features — other than a conventional battery system or conventional flywheel — such as supplemental electric batteries and hydraulic accumulators. (moteur hybride ou groupe motopropulseur hybride)

      hybrid vehicle

      hybrid vehicle  means a heavy-duty vehicle that is equipped with energy storage features — other than a conventional battery system or conventional flywheel — such as supplemental electric batteries and hydraulic accumulators, in addition to an internal combustion engine or other engine that uses fuel. (véhicule hybride)

      mixed-use vocational vehicle

      mixed-use vocational vehicle  means a vocational vehicle that

      • [...]

      • (b) has one or more of the following characteristics:

        • [...]

        • (iv) it cannot attain a speed of more than 87 km/h (54 miles per hour)

          • (A) due to parameters that are not adjustable parametersas defined in subsection 15(1), or

      on-road vehicle

      on-road vehicle  means a self-propelled vehicle that is designed for or capable of transporting persons, property, material or permanently or temporarily affixed apparatus on a highway, but does not mean a vehicle that

      • [...]

      • (b) lacks features customarily associated with safe and practical highway use such as a reverse gear, a differential or safety features that are required by federal or provincial laws;

      • (c) exhibits features that render its use on a highway unsafe, impractical or highly unlikely, such as tracked road contact means or inordinate size; or

      power take-off

      power take-off  means a secondary engine shaft or other system of a vehicle that provides substantial auxiliary power for purposes unrelated to vehicle propulsion or the functioning of customary vehicle accessories such as air conditioning, power steering and basic accessories. (prise de mouvement)

      sleeper cab

      sleeper cab  means a tractor cab that has a compartment located behind the driver’s seat that is designed to be used as a sleeping accommodation and that is accessible either from the driver’s compartment or from outside the vehicle. (cabine couchette)

      trailer

      trailer  means equipment with wheels that is designed to carry cargo and be pulled by a tractor when coupled to the tractor’s fifth wheel, excluding equipment that

      • [...]

      • (d) is intended to be used as a temporary or permanent residence or as an office or other work space; or

      trailer family

      trailer family , in respect of a company’s trailers, means

      • [...]

      • (b) if they are not covered by an EPA certificate, the trailers within a grouping referred to in section 230 of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart C, of the CFR, except that a reference to “vehicle” in sections 230(b) and (d)(3) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter U, part 1037, subpart C, of the CFR must be read as a reference to “trailer”. (famille de remorques)

      vehicle configuration

      vehicle configuration  means, in respect of Class 2B and Class 3 heavy-duty vehicles and cab-complete vehicles, a configurationas defined in section 1819(d)(12)(i) of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter C, part 86, subpart S, of the CFR. (configuration de véhicule)

      vocational tractor

      vocational tractor  means any of the following tractors that are not designed primarily to operate at high and constant speeds such as on highways, or that would not benefit from efficiency improvements designed for line-haul tractors:

      • [...]

      • (b) a tractor that is designed for both on-road and off-road use, such as a tractor with a reinforced frame and increased ground clearance; or

    • Marginal note:CFR

      (2) Standards that are incorporated by reference in these Regulations from the CFR are those expressly set out in the CFR and must be read as excluding

      [...]

    • Marginal note:Interpretation

      (3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a reference in the CFR to “carbon-related exhaust emissions” and “CREE” must be read as “CO2 emissions”.

    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Useful life

      (5) Unless otherwise provided in these Regulations, useful life refers to the period of time or use in respect of which an emission standard applies to, as the case may be,

      • [...]

      • (e) heavy-duty engines, namely,

        • [...]

        • (ii) in any other case, the same useful life as that which is set out for the type of engine in question in section 2 of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter C, part 86, subpart A, of the CFR for emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO); and

    • Marginal note:Roof height — tractors

      (6) Subject to subsections (7) and (8), “roof height” refers to the maximum height of a tractor, rounded to the nearest inch, excluding small accessories such as exhaust pipes and antennas, but including large accessories such as roof fairings, and measured with tires inflated to the manufacturer’s recommended cold tire inflation pressure and without occupants or cargo onboard.

    • [...]

    • Marginal note:Family emission limit

      (9) A family emission limit and a CO2 family certification level must be expressed to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard they replace.

    • Marginal note:Spark-ignition engines

      (10) For the purposes of these Regulations, a spark-ignition engine of the 2020 model year or an earlier model year that is regulated as a diesel engine under part 86 of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter C, of the CFR must conform to the standards, test procedures and calculation methods applicable to a compression-ignition engine of the same model year.

    • Marginal note:Compression-ignition engines

      (11) For the purposes of these Regulations, a compression-ignition engine of the 2020 model year or an earlier model year that is regulated as an Otto-cycle engine under part 86 of Title 40, chapter I, subchapter C, of the CFR must conform to the standards, test procedures and calculation methods applicable to a spark-ignition engine of the same model year.

    [...]



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