Miscellaneous Offences

Marginal note:Approaching, entering, etc., a prohibited place

6. Every person commits an offence who, for any purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of the State, approaches, inspects, passes over, is in the neighbourhood of or enters a prohibited place at the direction of, for the benefit of or in association with a foreign entity or a terrorist group.

Marginal note:Interference

7. Every person commits an offence who, in the vicinity of a prohibited place, obstructs, knowingly misleads or otherwise interferes with or impedes a peace officer or a member of Her Majesty’s forces engaged on guard, sentry, patrol or other similar duty in relation to the prohibited place.

Special Operational Information and Persons Permanently Bound to Secrecy

Marginal note:Definitions

• 8. (1) The following definitions apply in this section and sections 9 to 15.

  “department”

  « ministère »

  “department” means a department named in Schedule I to the Financial Administration Act, a division or branch of the public service of Canada set out in column I of Schedule I.1 to that Act and a corporation named in Schedule II to that Act.

  “government contractor”

  « partie à un contrat administratif »

  “government contractor” means a person who has entered into a contract or arrangement with Her Majesty in right of Canada, a department, board or agency of the Government of Canada or a Crown corporation as defined in subsection 83(1) of the Financial Administration Act, and includes an employee of the person, a subcontractor of the person and an employee of the subcontractor.

  “person permanently bound to secrecy”

  « personne astreinte au secret à perpétuité »

  “person permanently bound to secrecy” means

  • (a) a current or former member or employee of a department, division, branch or office of the public service of Canada, or any of its parts, set out in the schedule; or

  • (b) a person who has been personally served with a notice issued under subsection 10(1) in respect of the person or who has been informed, in accordance with regulations made under subsection 11(2), of the issuance of such a notice in respect of the person.

  “special operational information”

  « renseignements opérationnels spéciaux »

  “special operational information” means information that the Government of Canada is taking measures to safeguard that reveals, or from which may be inferred,

  • (a) the identity of a person, agency, group, body or entity that is or is intended to be, has been approached to be, or has offered or agreed to be, a confidential source of information, intelligence or assistance to the Government of Canada;

  • (b) the nature or content of plans of the Government of Canada for military operations in respect of a potential, imminent or present armed conflict;

  • (c) the means that the Government of Canada used, uses or intends to use, or is capable of using, to covertly collect or obtain, or to decipher, assess, analyse, process, handle, report, communicate or otherwise deal with information or intelligence, including any vulnerabilities or limitations of those means;

  • (d) whether a place, person, agency, group, body or entity was, is or is intended to be the object of a covert investigation, or a covert collection of information or intelligence, by the Government of Canada;

  • (e) the identity of any person who is, has been or is intended to be covertly engaged in an information- or intelligence-collection activity or program of the Government of Canada that is covert in nature;

  • (f) the means that the Government of Canada used, uses or intends to use, or is capable of using, to protect or exploit any information or intelligence referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (e), including, but not limited to, encryption and cryptographic systems, and any vulnerabilities or limitations of those means; or

  • (g) information or intelligence similar in nature to information or intelligence referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (f) that is in relation to, or received from, a foreign entity or terrorist group.

• Marginal note:Deputy head

  (2) For the purposes of subsections 10(1) and 15(5), the deputy head is

  • (a) for an individual employed in or attached or seconded to a department, the deputy head of the department;

  • (b) for an officer or a non-commissioned member of the Canadian Forces, the Chief of the Defence Staff;

  • (c) for a person who is a member of the exempt staff of a Minister responsible for a department, the deputy head of the department;

  • (d) for a government contractor in relation to a contract with

    • (i) the Department of Public Works and Government Services, the deputy head of that department or any other deputy head authorized for the purpose by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services,

    • (ii) any other department, the deputy head of that department, and

    • (iii) a Crown Corporation within the meaning of subsection 83(1) of the Financial Administration Act, the deputy head of the department of the minister responsible for the Crown Corporation; and

  • (e) for any other person, the Clerk of the Privy Council or a person authorized for the purpose by the Clerk of the Privy Council.

Marginal note:Amending schedule

9. The Governor in Council may, by order, amend the schedule by adding or deleting the name of any current or former department, division, branch or office of the public service of Canada, or any of its parts, that, in the opinion of the Governor in Council, has or had a mandate that is primarily related to security and intelligence matters, or by modifying any name set out in the schedule.

Marginal note:Designation — persons permanently bound to secrecy

• 10. (1) The deputy head in respect of a person may, by notice in writing, designate the person to be a person permanently bound to secrecy if the deputy head is of the opinion that, by reason of the person’s office, position, duties, contract or arrangement,

  • (a) the person had, has or will have authorized access to special operational information; and

  • (b) it is in the interest of national security to designate the person.

• Marginal note:Contents

  (2) The notice must

  • (a) specify the name of the person in respect of whom it is issued;

  • (b) specify the office held, position occupied or duties performed by the person or the contract or arrangement in respect of which the person is a government contractor, as the case may be, that led to the designation; and

  • (c) state that the person named in the notice is a person permanently bound to secrecy for the purposes of sections 13 and 14.

• Marginal note:Exceptions

  (3) The following persons may not be designated as persons permanently bound to secrecy, but they continue as such if they were persons permanently bound to secrecy before becoming persons referred to in this subsection:

  • (a) the Governor General;

  • (b) the lieutenant governor of a province;

  • (c) a judge receiving a salary under the Judges Act; and

  • (d) a military judge within the meaning of subsection 2(1) of the National Defence Act.

Marginal note:Service

• 11. (1) Subject to subsection (2), a person in respect of whom a notice is issued under subsection 10(1) is a person permanently bound to secrecy as of the moment the person is personally served with the notice or informed of the notice in accordance with the regulations.

• Marginal note:Regulations

  (2) The Governor in Council may make regulations respecting the personal service of notices issued under subsection 10(1) and regulations respecting personal notification of the issuance of a notice under that subsection when personal service is not practical.

Marginal note:Certificate

• 12. (1) Subject to subsection (2), a certificate purporting to have been issued by or under the authority of a Minister of the Crown in right of Canada stating that a person is a person permanently bound to secrecy shall be received and is admissible in evidence in any proceedings for an offence under section 13 or 14, without proof of the signature or authority of the Minister appearing to have signed it, and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, is proof of the fact so stated.

• Marginal note:Disclosure of certificate

  (2) The certificate may be received in evidence only if the party intending to produce it has, before the trial, served on the party against whom it is intended to be produced reasonable notice of that intention, together with a duplicate of the certificate.

Marginal note:Purported communication

• 13. (1) Every person permanently bound to secrecy commits an offence who, intentionally and without authority, communicates or confirms information that, if it were true, would be special operational information.

• Marginal note:Truthfulness of information

  (2) For the purpose of subsection (1), it is not relevant whether the information to which the offence relates is true.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years less a day.

Marginal note:Unauthorized communication of special operational information

• 14. (1) Every person permanently bound to secrecy commits an offence who, intentionally and without authority, communicates or confirms special operational information.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years.

Marginal note:Public interest defence

• 15. (1) No person is guilty of an offence under section 13 or 14 if the person establishes that he or she acted in the public interest.

• Marginal note:Acting in the public interest

  (2) Subject to subsection (4), a person acts in the public interest if

  • (a) the person acts for the purpose of disclosing an offence under an Act of Parliament that he or she reasonably believes has been, is being or is about to be committed by another person in the purported performance of that person’s duties and functions for, or on behalf of, the Government of Canada; and

  • (b) the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure.

• Marginal note:Paragraph (2)(a) to be considered first

  (3) In determining whether a person acts in the public interest, a judge or court shall determine whether the condition in paragraph (2)(a) is satisfied before considering paragraph (2)(b).

• Marginal note:Factors to be considered

  (4) In deciding whether the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure, a judge or court must consider

  • (a) whether the extent of the disclosure is no more than is reasonably necessary to disclose the alleged offence or prevent the commission or continuation of the alleged offence, as the case may be;

  • (b) the seriousness of the alleged offence;

  • (c) whether the person resorted to other reasonably accessible alternatives before making the disclosure and, in doing so, whether the person complied with any relevant guidelines, policies or laws that applied to the person;

  • (d) whether the person had reasonable grounds to believe that the disclosure would be in the public interest;

  • (e) the public interest intended to be served by the disclosure;

  • (f) the extent of the harm or risk of harm created by the disclosure; and

  • (g) the existence of exigent circumstances justifying the disclosure.

• Marginal note:Prior disclosure to authorities necessary

  (5) A judge or court may decide whether the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure only if the person has complied with the following:

  • (a) the person has, before communicating or confirming the information, brought his or her concern to, and provided all relevant information in his or her possession to, his or her deputy head or, if not reasonably practical in the circumstances, the Deputy Attorney General of Canada; and

  • (b) the person has, if he or she has not received a response from the deputy head or the Deputy Attorney General of Canada, as the case may be, within a reasonable time, brought his or her concern to, and provided all relevant information in the person’s possession to,

    • (i) the Security Intelligence Review Committee, if the person’s concern relates to an alleged offence that has been, is being or is about to be committed by another person in the purported performance of that person’s duties and functions of service for, or on behalf of, the Government of Canada, other than a person who is a member of the Communications Security Establishment, and he or she has not received a response from the Security Intelligence Review Committee within a reasonable time, or

    • (ii) the Communications Security Establishment Commissioner, if the person’s concern relates to an alleged offence that has been, is being or is about to be committed by a member of the Communications Security Establishment, in the purported performance of that person’s duties and functions of service for, or on behalf of, the Communications Security Establishment, and he or she has not received a response from the Communications Security Establishment Commissioner within a reasonable time.

• Marginal note:Exigent circumstances

  (6) Subsection (5) does not apply if the communication or confirmation of the information was necessary to avoid grievous bodily harm or death.

Communications with Foreign Entities or Terrorist Groups

Marginal note:Communicating safeguarded information

• 16. (1) Every person commits an offence who, without lawful authority, communicates to a foreign entity or to a terrorist group information that the Government of Canada or of a province is taking measures to safeguard if

  • (a) the person believes, or is reckless as to whether, the information is information that the Government of Canada or of a province is taking measures to safeguard; and

  • (b) the person intends, by communicating the information, to increase the capacity of a foreign entity or a terrorist group to harm Canadian interests or is reckless as to whether the communication of the information is likely to increase the capacity of a foreign entity or a terrorist group to harm Canadian interests.

• Marginal note:Communicating safeguarded information

  (2) Every person commits an offence who, intentionally and without lawful authority, communicates to a foreign entity or to a terrorist group information that the Government of Canada or of a province is taking measures to safeguard if

  • (a) the person believes, or is reckless as to whether, the information is information that the Government of Canada or of a province is taking measures to safeguard; and

  • (b) harm to Canadian interests results.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (2) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for life.

Marginal note:Communicating special operational information

• 17. (1) Every person commits an offence who, intentionally and without lawful authority, communicates special operational information to a foreign entity or to a terrorist group if the person believes, or is reckless as to whether, the information is special operational information.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for life.

Marginal note:Breach of trust in respect of safeguarded information

• 18. (1) Every person with a security clearance given by the Government of Canada commits an offence who, intentionally and without lawful authority, communicates, or agrees to communicate, to a foreign entity or to a terrorist group any information that is of a type that the Government of Canada is taking measures to safeguard.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years.

Economic Espionage

Marginal note:Use of trade secret for the benefit of foreign economic entity

• 19. (1) Every person commits an offence who, at the direction of, for the benefit of or in association with a foreign economic entity, fraudulently and without colour of right and to the detriment of Canada’s economic interests, international relations or national defence or national security

  • (a) communicates a trade secret to another person, group or organization; or

  • (b) obtains, retains, alters or destroys a trade secret.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years.

• Marginal note:Defence

  (3) A person is not guilty of an offence under subsection (1) if the trade secret was

  • (a) obtained by independent development or by reason only of reverse engineering; or

  • (b) acquired in the course of the person’s work and is of such a character that its acquisition amounts to no more than an enhancement of that person’s personal knowledge, skill or expertise.

• Meaning of “trade secret”

  (4) For the purpose of this section, “trade secret” means any information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, method, technique, process, negotiation position or strategy or any information contained or embodied in a product, device or mechanism that

  • (a) is or may be used in a trade or business;

  • (b) is not generally known in that trade or business;

  • (c) has economic value from not being generally known; and

  • (d) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

Foreign-influenced or Terrorist-influenced Threats or Violence

Marginal note:Threats or violence

• 20. (1) Every person commits an offence who, at the direction of, for the benefit of or in association with a foreign entity or a terrorist group, induces or attempts to induce, by threat, accusation, menace or violence, any person to do anything or to cause anything to be done

  • (a) that is for the purpose of increasing the capacity of a foreign entity or a terrorist group to harm Canadian interests; or

  • (b) that is reasonably likely to harm Canadian interests.

• Marginal note:Application

  (2) A person commits an offence under subsection (1) whether or not the threat, accusation, menace or violence occurred in Canada.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for life.

Harbouring or Concealing

Marginal note:Harbouring or concealing

• 21. (1) Every person commits an offence who, for the purpose of enabling or facilitating an offence under this Act, knowingly harbours or conceals a person whom he or she knows to be a person who has committed or is likely to commit an offence under this Act.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years.

Preparatory Acts

Marginal note:Preparatory acts

• 22. (1) Every person commits an offence who, for the purpose of committing an offence under subsection 16(1) or (2), 17(1), 19(1) or 20(1), does anything that is specifically directed towards or specifically done in preparation of the commission of the offence, including

  • (a) entering Canada at the direction of or for the benefit of a foreign entity, a terrorist group or a foreign economic entity;

  • (b) obtaining, retaining or gaining access to any information;

  • (c) knowingly communicating to a foreign entity, a terrorist group or a foreign economic entity the person’s willingness to commit the offence;

  • (d) at the direction of, for the benefit of or in association with a foreign entity, a terrorist group or a foreign economic entity, asking a person to commit the offence; and

  • (e) possessing any device, apparatus or software useful for concealing the content of information or for surreptitiously communicating, obtaining or retaining information.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years.

Conspiracy, Attempts, Etc.

Marginal note:Conspiracy, attempts, etc.

23. Every person commits an offence who conspires or attempts to commit, is an accessory after the fact in relation to or counsels in relation to an offence under this Act and is liable to the same punishment and to be proceeded against in the same manner as if he or she had committed the offence.

GENERAL

Marginal note:Attorney General’s consent

24. No prosecution shall be commenced for an offence against this Act without the consent of the Attorney General.

Marginal note:Jurisdiction

25. An offence against this Act may be tried, in any place in Canada, regardless of where in Canada the offence was committed.

Marginal note:Extraterritorial application

• 26. (1) A person who commits an act or omission outside Canada that would be an offence against this Act if it were committed in Canada is deemed to have committed it in Canada if the person is

  • (a) a Canadian citizen;

  • (b) a person who owes allegiance to Her Majesty in right of Canada;

  • (c) a person who is locally engaged and who performs his or her functions in a Canadian mission outside Canada; or

  • (d) a person who, after the time the offence is alleged to have been committed, is present in Canada.

• Marginal note:Jurisdiction

  (2) If a person is deemed to have committed an act or omission in Canada, proceedings in respect of the offence may, whether or not the person is in Canada, be commenced in any territorial division in Canada, and the person may be tried and punished in respect of the offence in the same manner as if the offence had been committed in that territorial division.

• Marginal note:Appearance of accused at trial

  (3) For greater certainty, the provisions of the Criminal Code relating to requirements that a person appear at and be present during proceedings and the exceptions to those requirements apply in respect of proceedings commenced in a territorial division under subsection (2).

• Marginal note:Person previously tried outside Canada

  (4) If a person is alleged to have committed an act or omission that is an offence by virtue of this section and the person has been tried and dealt with outside Canada in respect of the offence in a manner such that, if the person had been tried and dealt with in Canada, the person would be able to plead autrefois acquit, autrefois convict or pardon, the person shall be deemed to have been so tried and dealt with in Canada.

Marginal note:Punishment

27. Unless this Act provides otherwise, a person who commits an offence under this Act is guilty of

• (a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years; or

• (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 12 months or to a fine of not more than $2,000, or to both.

Marginal note:Part XII.2 of Criminal Code applicable

28. The definitions “judge” and “proceeds of crime” in section 462.3 of the Criminal Code, and sections 462.32 to 462.5 of that Act, apply with any modifications that the circumstances require in respect of proceedings for an offence under subsection 4(1), (2), (3) or (4), section 6, subsection 13(1), 14(1), 16(1) or (2), 17(1), 18(1), 19(1), 20(1), 21(1) or 22(1) or section 23.