Canadian Aviation Regulations (SOR/96-433)

Training Program Content and Training Facilities

604.168 A private operator shall ensure that any training provided to meet the requirements of this Subpart is

• (a) based on the content of the private operator’s training program; and

• (b) provided in facilities that are equipped with the appropriate furnishings, audiovisual equipment and training aids.

Flight Crew Members — Ground Instruction

• 604.169 (1) The ground instruction component of the training program for flight crew members shall include the following elements:

  • (a) the content of the private operator’s operations manual;

  • (b) the aircraft systems operation and limitations specified in the aircraft flight manual and, if the private operator has established an aircraft operating manual and standard operating procedures, those specified in that manual and in those procedures;

  • (c) the operation of the aircraft equipment;

  • (d) the differences, if any, between the equipment, operation and layout of aircraft of the same type;

  • (e) the standard operating procedures, if any were established by the private operator;

  • (f) the aircraft performance and limitations;

  • (g) weight and balance control procedures;

  • (h) aircraft servicing and ground handling;

  • (i) the location and operation of emergency equipment;

  • (j) the actions to be taken in the event of aircraft fire on the ground or in the air;

  • (k) the actions to be taken in the event of a security-related event;

  • (l) procedures to avoid Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT);

  • (m) if the flight crew members will be assigned to medical evacuation flights (MEDEVAC), emergency procedures specific to medical evacuations, including the evacuation of patients from aircraft; and

  • (n) the private operator’s operational control system.

• (2) The ground instruction component of the training program for flight crew members shall include training in the performance of the following emergency procedures:

  • (a) the use of fire extinguishers;

  • (b) the operation and use of emergency exits;

  • (c) passenger preparation for an emergency landing or ditching;

  • (d) emergency evacuation procedures;

  • (e) if the flight crew members will be assigned to aircraft equipped with life preservers, the donning and inflation of life preservers;

  • (f) if the flight crew members will be assigned to aircraft equipped with life rafts, the removal of life rafts from the stowage compartment, and the deployment, inflation and boarding of life rafts; and

  • (g) procedures for dealing with pilot incapacitation.

• (3) If a private operator operates a turbo-jet-powered aeroplane, the ground instruction component of the training program for flight crew members who will operate that aeroplane shall include the following elements:

  • (a) the low-energy landing regime for that type of aeroplane;

  • (b) the performance and handling characteristics of the aeroplane and engine in the low-energy regime; and

  • (c) balked landing procedures for the aeroplane.

Flight Crew Members — Aircraft Operation Training

• 604.170 (1) The aircraft operation component of the training program for flight crew members shall include procedures for the normal, abnormal and emergency operation of an aircraft and its systems and components, including the following elements:

  • (a) aircraft performance during take-off, climb, cruise, holding, descent, landing and diversion;

  • (b) calculations of the aircraft’s take-off and landing distances and speeds, and the aircraft’s fuel consumption, weight and centre of gravity;

  • (c) the flight characteristics of the aircraft, including any abnormal characteristics that are applicable to the aircraft, such as dutch roll, buffet boundary onset and aircraft upset;

  • (d) the effects of airframe and engine icing and the use of de-icing and anti-icing equipment;

  • (e) flight planning and instrument flight procedures, including

    • (i) departure, enroute, holding, arrival and diversion procedures,

    • (ii) precision, non-precision and missed approaches in minimum visibility conditions, with the flight director in automatic mode and in degraded states of operation, and

    • (iii) circling approaches, if applicable;

  • (f) pre-flight checks of the interior and exterior of the aircraft;

  • (g) the use of aircraft checklists;

  • (h) aircraft manoeuvres on the ground;

  • (i) normal, crosswind, noise abatement and maximum performance take-offs and landings;

  • (j) take-offs and landings on contaminated runways;

  • (k) rejected take-offs and landings;

  • (l) steep turns;

  • (m) approach to a stall and recovery from a stall;

  • (n) the operation of the Flight Management Computer System (FMCS), Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS), Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) and any other specialized equipment installed in the private operator’s aircraft;

  • (o) the execution in VMC of one collision avoidance manoeuvre in response to a GPWS or a TAWS warning, if the aircraft is equipped with a GPWS or a TAWS;

  • (p) the operation of navigation and communication equipment;

  • (q) the actions to be taken in the event of hydraulic, electrical and other system failures;

  • (r) the actions to be taken in the event of flight control failures and, in the case of an aircraft with split control capability, briefings on degraded states of operation while in flight and during take-off and landing;

  • (s) the actions to be taken in the event of aircraft fire on the ground or in the air;

  • (t) the actions to be taken in the event of engine fire and engine failure while in flight;

  • (u) the recognition of and recovery from turbulence and windshear during an approach, landing and take-off;

  • (v) the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency evacuation of passengers and crew;

  • (w) the actions to be taken in the event of pilot incapacitation while in flight and during take-off and landing;

  • (x) crew resource management;

  • (y) if the private operator provides the training using a flight simulator, the performance of one balked landing initiated in the low-energy regime using the same simulator;

  • (z) in the case of a pressurized aircraft, the actions to be taken in the event of loss of pressurization and emergency descent;

  • (z.1) in the case of a three-engine or four-engine aircraft, take-off, landing and flight with the critical engine inoperative or with two other engines inoperative, including driftdown and engine-inoperative performance capabilities; and

  • (z.2) in the case of a helicopter,

    • (i) hovering manoeuvres, slope landings and confined areas,

    • (ii) autorotations,

    • (iii) transmission and main gear box faults and failures, and

    • (iv) tail rotor, tail rotor drive and tail rotor gear box faults and failures.

• (2) When the training referred to in subsection (1) is provided on board an aircraft in flight, the private operator shall have procedures to ensure that situations are simulated or presented, and actions are simulated or performed, so as to not adversely affect the safety of the aircraft, its occupants or any other person.

Flight Crew Members — Level B, C or D Flight Simulator

604.171 Subject to sections 604.172 to 604.174, a private operator may provide the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) and sections 604.177 and 604.178 to a flight crew member either on board an aircraft or using a level B, C or D flight simulator. However, if the private operator provides the training using a level B flight simulator, the private operator shall provide training in respect of the following activities on board an aircraft:

• (a) pre-flight checks of the interior and exterior of the aircraft;

• (b) aircraft manoeuvres on the ground;

• (c) normal take-offs and landings;

• (d) crosswind take-offs and landings;

• (e) a visual circuit, if the flight is conducted in VMC;

• (f) approaches and landings with an engine simulated inoperative;

• (g) simulated engine failure procedures during a take-off and a missed approach;

• (h) approaches and landings without electronic glide slope indication;

• (i) a circling approach, if applicable; and

• (j) any other approach for which a level B flight simulator lacks the capability.

Flight Crew Members — Level C or D Flight Simulator

604.172 A private operator may provide the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) and sections 604.177 and 604.178 to a flight crew member using only a level C or D flight simulator if

• (a) the flight crew member has acquired flight time on an aircraft certificated in the same category, and with engines using the same principle of propulsion, as the aircraft on which the flight crew member is to be trained; and

• (b) the private operator provides to the flight crew member, using the same flight simulator, training in respect of the following activities under variable visual meteorological conditions of dusk and night, or day and night:

  • (i) aircraft manoeuvres on the ground,

  • (ii) normal take-offs and landings and crosswind take-offs and landings, up to 100% of the crosswind component specified by the aircraft manufacturer,

  • (iii) encounters with moderate to severe in-flight icing conditions,

  • (iv) simulated line flights that include at least one sector in which the flight crew member acts as pilot flying and at least one sector in which the flight crew member acts as pilot not flying or pilot monitoring,

  • (v) visual circuits and landings with variable wind, runway illusion and runway surface conditions,

  • (vi) approaches and landings with an engine simulated inoperative,

  • (vii) approaches and landings without electronic glide slope indication,

  • (viii) approaches and landings with flight control failures and abnormalities, if applicable, and

  • (ix) engine failure procedures during a take-off and a missed approach.

Flight Crew Members — Level D Flight Simulator

604.173 A private operator may provide the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) and sections 604.177 and 604.178 to a flight crew member using only a level D flight simulator if

• (a) the flight crew member has at least 1,000 hours of flight time as a flight crew member;

• (b) in the case of training provided on an aircraft that requires a minimum flight crew of two pilots, the flight crew member holds an individual type rating for an aircraft that requires a minimum flight crew of two pilots; and

• (c) the private operator provides the training referred to in paragraph 604.172(b) to the flight crew member using that simulator.

Flight Crew Members — Turbo-jet-powered Aeroplane or Transport Category Aircraft — Level C or D Flight Simulator

604.174 A private operator who operates a turbo-jet-powered aeroplane or transport category aircraft shall provide the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) and sections 604.177 and 604.178 to a flight crew member using a level C or D flight simulator if a level C or D flight simulator is used for that aircraft type in Canada, the United States or Mexico.

Flight Crew Members — Compatibility of Flight Simulators

604.175 A flight simulator that differs from the private operator’s aircraft with respect to installed equipment, systems, cockpit configuration, engine type or performance may be used for the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) and sections 604.177 and 604.178 if

• (a) the flight simulator has performance and handling characteristics equivalent to those of the private operator’s aircraft; and

• (b) the private operator’s training program takes into account the differences between the flight simulator and the aircraft.

Flight Crew Members — High Altitude Indoctrination Training

604.176 The component of the training program for flight crew members who will operate an aircraft above 13,000 feet ASL shall include the following elements:

• (a) physiological phenomena in a low pressure environment, including

  • (i) the effects on respiration,

  • (ii) the symptoms and effects of hypoxia,

  • (iii) the duration of consciousness at various altitudes without supplemental oxygen, and

  • (iv) the effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation; and

• (b) the factors associated with rapid or explosive loss of pressurization, including

  • (i) the most likely causes of the loss of pressurization,

  • (ii) the increased level of noise, the change in cabin temperature and cabin fogging,

  • (iii) the effects on objects located near a point of fuselage failure, and

  • (iv) the actions to be taken by flight crew members immediately after the loss of pressurization and the aircraft attitude likely to result from those actions.

Flight Crew Members — One-engine Inoperative Ferry Flights

604.177 The component of the training program for flight crew members who will operate an aircraft during a one-engine inoperative ferry flight under a flight permit issued under section 507.04 shall include training in the operational procedures and limits specified in the aircraft flight manual.

Flight Crew Members — Upgrade to Pilot-in-Command

604.178 The component of the training program for flight crew members who have served as second-in-command and who are to be upgraded to pilot-in-command shall include the following elements:

• (a) the elements of the training referred to in subsection 604.170(1) that are related to the duties of a pilot-in-command;

• (b) training on the responsibilities of a pilot-in-command in relation to the use and operation of an aircraft;

• (c) in the case of a flight crew member who will conduct an operation under a special authorization, the training required to conduct that operation as pilot-in-command; and

• (d) crew resource management.

Flight Attendants

604.179 The component of the training program for flight attendants shall include the following elements:

• (a) the roles and responsibilities of the private operator and crew members;

• (b) the coordination of crew member duties and crew resource management;

• (c) aircraft communications systems and communication procedures in normal, abnormal and emergency conditions;

• (d) the content of the briefings given to passengers and crew members;

• (e) cabin and passenger safety checks;

• (f) aircraft surface contamination procedures;

• (g) procedures relating to passengers requiring special treatment;

• (h) requirements and procedures relating to seats and restraint systems for passengers and crew members;

• (i) procedures for accepting and stowing carry-on baggage, and any applicable restrictions;

• (j) policies and procedures relating to the use of portable electronic devices;

• (k) procedures for fuelling with passengers on board;

• (l) procedures relating to passenger service when the aircraft is on the ground;

• (m) safety procedures relating to take-offs, landings and aircraft movements on the surface;

• (n) safety procedures relating to the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and their movement on the apron;

• (o) procedures relating to passenger and crew member safety during periods of in-flight turbulence;

• (p) procedures for entering the flight deck and for serving beverages and meals to flight crew members;

• (q) procedures for dealing with the incapacitation of a crew member;

• (r) the location and operation of, and any safety instructions relating to, the various types of cabin exits and the flight deck escape routes;

• (s) the operation of cabin systems and of safety and emergency equipment by flight attendants in normal and abnormal conditions;

• (t) the actions to be taken with respect to the equipment identified on the minimum equipment list and intended for use by flight attendants;

• (u) the actions to be taken in the event of fumes or smoke in the cabin and to prevent fumes or smoke in the vicinity of the aircraft from entering the cabin;

• (v) fire detection, fire-fighting systems and fire-fighting procedures;

• (w) procedures in the event of loss of cabin pressurization;

• (x) how to identify the need for administering supplemental oxygen, and procedures for administering the oxygen;

• (y) procedures for the evacuation of passengers and crew members; and

• (z) training that includes the performance of the following emergency procedures:

  • (i) the use of the public address and interphone systems,

  • (ii) the briefing of passengers,

  • (iii) the operation and use of the emergency exits on each type of aircraft to which the flight attendant will be assigned,

  • (iv) emergency evacuation procedures,

  • (v) if the flight attendants will be assigned to an aircraft equipped with life preservers, the donning and inflation of life preservers,

  • (vi) if the flight attendants will be assigned to an aircraft equipped with an evacuation slide, the identification of the location of the manual inflation handle and the disconnect handle, and an evacuation using the slide,

  • (vii) if the flight attendants will be assigned to an aircraft equipped with either first aid oxygen equipment or portable oxygen equipment, the operation and use of that equipment,

  • (viii) if the flight attendants will be assigned to an aircraft equipped with life rafts, the removal of life rafts from the stowage compartment and the deployment, inflation and boarding of life rafts, and

  • (ix) fire fighting, including the use of a fire extinguisher on an actual fire.